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  1. Chronic Persistent Diabetic Macular Edema can be a clinical challenge. The aim of this study is to assess the outcomes of intravitreal brolucizumab 6 mg/0.05 ml for persistent diabetic macular edema (P-DME) in...

    Authors: Saarang Hansraj, Ritesh Narula, Vishal Ramesh Raval, Raja Narayanan and Mudit Tyagi
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:101
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in older adults, with its prevalence rising globally. This review aims to explore the potential of Efdamrofusp alfa (EA), a n...

    Authors: Shree Rath, Arwa Amer Ibrahim, Arashdeep Singh, Arghadip Das, Sayed Mansoor Sediqi, Najia Ali Khan, Krisha Panchal and Safwan Masaud Mian
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:100
    Content type: Review Published on:

  3. To observe the changes of choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) after multiple intravitreal injections ...

    Authors: Yuanyuan Qi, Daniel Hillarion Scotland, Chao Zhang and Jiayang Xu
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:99
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. This study aims to characterize the baseline profile and clinical outcomes of pneumatic retinopexy (PR) in patients fulfilling the Pneumatic Retinopexy versus Vitrectomy for the Management of Primary Rhegmatog...

    Authors: Danny Salgado-Gómez, Luis C. Escaf, Omaira Díaz-Granados Gonzalez and Jorge Escobar-DiazGranados
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:98
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is widely used to halt the progression of keratoconus by biomechanically strengthening the corneal stroma; however, its potential effects on retina and choroid remain uncle...

    Authors: Kia Bayat, Aryan Seraj, Parisa Pooyan, Sepehr Feizi, Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi, Marco A. Zarbin and Hamid Ahmadieh
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:97
    Content type: Review Published on:

  6. To estimate the amount of eliminated vitreous after ultrasound-guided pars plana vitrectomy and complete the safety profile of the technique.

    Authors: Raul Velez-Montoya, Manuela Franco-Sanchez, Katherin M. Ureña-Tejada, Ramses Rosales-Díaz, Gerardo Pedraza-Rivera, Xiadani L. De la Rosa-Gonzalez, Catalina Becerra-Revollo, Mariana Mayorquin-Ruiz, Jans Fromow-Guerra and David Berrones
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:96
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Visual recovery after macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) remains limited in many cases, largely due to photoreceptor damage. This study aimed to assess the predictive value of early outer retin...

    Authors: Lourdes Vidal-Oliver, Jorge Mataix-Boronat, Margot Mangen, Enrique Alfonso-Muñoz, Elena Palacios-Pozo, M. Jesus López-Prats and Carmen Desco
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:95
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. To present the clinical features and outcomes of treatment in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) related retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH).

    Authors: Abdulrahman Khan, Wael A. Alsakran, Abdullah Barry, Abdulrahman H. Badawi and Moustafa S. Magliyah
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:93
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. The aim of the study is to investigate the short- and long-term effects of delayed intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (IVI) for macular edema (ME) in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) patients during the first wave ...

    Authors: Emmanuelle Moret, Jennifer Cattaneo, Adham Elwakil, Andrea Montesel, Mattia Tommasoni and Chiara M. Eandi
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:92
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Carotid endarterectomy is a well-established procedure for enhancing cerebral perfusion in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. As a multifactorial disease, carotid stenosis can have ocular implicat...

    Authors: Ana Cibrão-Pedroso, João Rocha-Neves, Rafael Vieira, João Barbosa Breda and André Ferreira
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:91
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Anatomically, the vitreous is not merely a transparent medium; it is a complex gel structure crucial for maintaining intraocular architecture and biochemical homeostasis. By minimizing disturbance to the vitre...

    Authors: Andrew D. Brown, Ahmed F. Shakarchi, Muhammad Z. Chauhan, Lindsay Chai-Chang, Daisy Alapat, Abdulrahman H. Badawi and Ahmed B. Sallam
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:90
    Content type: Review Published on:

  13. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision impairment. This study evaluated the effects of multiple anti-VEGF intravitreal injections, including a novel anti-VEGF PRO-169, on best-corrected visu...

    Authors: Guillermo Salcedo-Villanueva, Gisela Garcia-Sánchez, Claudia Palacio-Pastrana, Gerardo Gascón-Guzmán, Aureliano Moreno-Andrade, Oscar Olvera-Montaño and Patricia Muñoz-Villegas
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:89
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. To describe outcomes for internal microneedle drainage for the management of residual subretinal fluid (SRF) during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

    Authors: Gregor S. Reiter, Jenna Krivit, Run Zhou Ye and Raymond Iezzi
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:88
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a monogenic disorder causing retinal vascular impairment, often underdiagnosed due to its variable presentation and reliance on invasive methods like fundus fluor...

    Authors: Jiayu Li, Shaochi Zhang, Xiaolong Qi, Chanjuan Wang, Wen Zhang, Rui Li, Caihong Sun, Keyan Liu, Xiaolu Li and Wenjuan Zhuang
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:87
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Secondary epiretinal membranes (sERM) are common in uveitis and often associated with cystoid macular edema (CME), which increases the need for anti-inflammatory treatment. While surgical removal can improve a...

    Authors: Verena Schöneberger, Julia Schirrwagen, Claudia Brockmann, Thomas A. Fuchsluger and Friederike Schaub
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:86
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs), cuticular drusen, and calcified drusen have been linked to rapid progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). SDDs have also been linked to high-risk vascular di...

    Authors: John M. Tan, Yang Fei, Liang Wang, Oscar Otero-Marquez, Tasin R. Bhuiyan, J. Fernando Arevalo, Gareth M.C. Lema and Roland Theodore Smith
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:85
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a major cause of preventable blindness in preterm infants, especially in multiple births such as twins and triplets. Although the incidence of ROP in these groups is well-do...

    Authors: Zahra Sharifi, Mojtaba Heydari, Mohammadkarim Johari and Shayan Yousufzai
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:84
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Epiretinal proliferation (ERP) is an extension of preretinal tissue, creating a thin, semi-translucent layer of fibrous tissue on the retina. ERP has been recently associated with degenerative lamellar macular...

    Authors: Tarin T. Tanji, Jae Young Heo, Terrence Murphy and Vivek Chaturvedi
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:83
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited retinal disease, is characterized by progressive vision loss driven by the gradual degeneration of retinal photoreceptors. This process manifests as impaired dark adapta...

    Authors: Yu Rong, Junfeng Li, Jianquan He, Daowei Zhang, Jiawen Wu, Hongli Liu, Ting Li, Ping Xu, Qing Chang and Jihong Wu
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:82
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. A macular hole (MH) is a retinal condition affecting the central macula, leading to progressive visual impairment. Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling is the standard surgical t...

    Authors: Reynaldo, Nadilla Garyudanefi and Puranto Budi Susetyo
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:81
    Content type: Review Published on:

  23. Faricimab, the new anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug including a bispecific antibody targeting both VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), has emerged as a therapeutic option for macular edema se...

    Authors: Toshiaki Hirakata, Ai Toride, Kenta Ashikaga, Takanori Nakagawa, Fumihiro Hara, Yuta Nochi, Shutaro Yamamoto, Yoshimune Hiratsuka and Shintaro Nakao
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:79
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Retained posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) present a surgical challenge with potential for serious complications, including retinal detachment (RD) and vision loss. While pars plana vitrecto...

    Authors: Abbas A. A. Hashem, Ahmad S. Khalil, Sherif A. Dabour and Wael M. El-Haig
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:78
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and sterilized air tamponade is used to treat macular hole(MH). Unsuccessful closure of the macular hole may occur after PPV, ...

    Authors: Jun Chen, Shiya Mai, Yayun Wang, Yi Yu, Mo Tian and Xuhui Yu
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:77
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Studies diverge on the relevance of long-term protection of anti-VEGF against severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) complications compared to pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP). We aim to assess this...

    Authors: Tiago N. O. Rassi, Lucas M. Barbosa, Dillan Cunha Amaral, Ricardo N. Louzada, Helvécio N. F. Filho, Guilherme N. Marques, Breno C. Vieira, Sobha Sivaprasad and Mauricio Maia
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:76
    Content type: Review Published on:

  27. To investigate the efficacy of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based fluid monitoring tool in optimizing the monitoring of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients in a Brazilian cohort.

    Authors: Virginia Mares, Gregor S. Reiter, Aniel Feitosa, Markus Gumpinger, Hrvoje Bogunovic, Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth and Marcio B. Nehemy
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:75
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is often associated with different types of macular edema (ME). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of iERM stage and postoperative treatment on visual and anatomical ...

    Authors: Efstathios Vounotrypidis, Julie Meyer, Denise Vogt, Christian Wertheimer, Tina Herold, Siegfried Priglinger and Armin Wolf
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:74
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Open globe injuries (OGI) are the most severe and sight-treating ocular traumas encountered in ophthalmology. The purpose of the study is to analyze the characteristics and prognostic factors of OGI and to eva...

    Authors: Ivan Borjan, Ivna Pleština-Borjan, Robert Stanić, Ljubo Znaor, Beáta Éva Petrovski and Goran Petrovski
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:72
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system with overlapping clinical manifestations but distinct treatments and prognoses....

    Authors: Omid Mirmosayyeb, Mohammad Yazdan Panah, Reza Kord, Elahe Espoo, Saeed Vaheb, Aram Zabeti and Vahid Shaygannejad
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:71
    Content type: Review Published on:

  32. Macular holes (MH) vary immensely with respect to size and shape among different individuals. In an attempt to see if the curvature of the retinal pigment epithelium has any role, we aimed to analyse the influ...

    Authors: Niroj Kumar Sahoo, Jay Chhablani, Ashika Patil, Ninan Jacob, Mudit Tyagi, Srinivas Rao Podili and Rahman Khan Pathan
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:70
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. The study underscores the importance of conducting objective measurements of intraocular lens (IOL) tilt and decentration over time to provide evidence of IOL stability. The goals were to validate a new method...

    Authors: Denise Pardini, Monica MS Matsumoto, Marina Roizenblatt, Ana Marisa Branco, Paulo Schor, Norma Allemann, Michel Farah, André Maia and Maurício Maia
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. To analyze the therapeutic response to faricimab 6 mg/0.05 ml in eyes with neovascular AMD (nAMD) with refractory intra- and/or subretinal fluid due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV), previously unresponsi...

    Authors: Anna Heinke, Alexandra Warter, Ines D. Nagel, Akshay Agnihotri, Nehal Nailesh Mehta, Carlo Miguel B. Galang, Daniel N. Deussen, Dirk-Uwe G. Bartsch, Lingyun Cheng, Henry A. Ferreyra and William R. Freeman
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:68
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. This study aimed to examine the utility of macular volume (MV), central retinal thickness (CRT), and their fluctuations for predicting post-treatment visual acuity in patients with macular edema (ME) secondary...

    Authors: Kwanchanok Rattanalert, Patama Bhurayanontachai, Mansing Ratanasukon, Pichai Jirarattanasopa and Wantanee Dangboon Tsutsumi
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. The objective of this study was to establish a comparison between the vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who lacked clinical signs of diabetic ...

    Authors: David Leonardo Cruvinel Isaac, Alexandre Caiado Ferreira Pires, Laís Lauria Neves, Jamil Miguel Neto, Heitor do Amaral Simões, Karime Fugihara Iwamoto, Raphael Toledo Remiggi, Leticia Pinheiro de Freitas, Alexandre Chater Taleb and Marcos Avila
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:66
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina plays a key role in visual processing, consisting of five stratified sub-bands (S1-S5) that segregate ON and OFF visual pathways. Until now, resolving these IPL su...

    Authors: Ricardo Luz Leitão Guerra, Luiz Roisman, Jay S. Duker, Giuseppe Querques, Luiz Filipe Adami Lucatto, Emmerson Badaró, Gabriel Castilho S. Barbosa and Eduardo Amorim Novais
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Retinal vessel geometry characteristic have been studied as one of the signs of microvascular changes in diabetic retinopathy (DR) that necessitates early screening. This study aimed to investigate the differe...

    Authors: Fariztah Sukainah Nur Fathimah, Sauli Ari Widjaja, Wimbo Sasono, Ima Yustiarini, Muhammad Firmansjah, Ady Dwi Prakosa, Aulia Kezia Mulyazhara and Soebagijo Adi Soelistijo
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:64
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Congenital syphilis (CS) is associated with interstitial keratitis, chorioretinitis, uveitis, and optic atrophy mainly in inadequately treated patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis evaluating ...

    Authors: Samuel Montenegro Pereira, Maria Alix Leite Araújo, Rian Vilar Lima, Rivianny Arrais Nobre, Ana Patrícia Alves da Silva, Ana Fátima Braga Rocha, Rodrigo Jorge and Nathalie Broutet
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:63
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. To evaluate the efficacy of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in detecting the clinical spectrum of macular microstructure changes secondary to laser pointer injury (LPI), including their resp...

    Authors: Magdy Moussa, Mahmoud Leila, Mohammed Fotouh Elashri and Ahmed Osama Hashem
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Vitreo-macular interface (VMI) disorders, including epiretinal membrane (ERM) diagnosed on optical coherence tomography (OCT), form a significant proportion of elective referrals to vitreoretinal (VR) surgeons...

    Authors: Elizabeth Yang, Amelia Rees, Shantelle Ahadzi, Yvonne Kanna, Philipp Schwember, Robert Henderson and Lyndon da Cruz
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:61
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Present a new surgical technique which involves using pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with a free internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap anchored by an intraoperatively obtained blood clot, assisted by int...

    Authors: Thais Marino de Azeredo Bastos, Laís Lauria Neves, Letícia Pinheiro de Freitas, David Leonardo Cruvinel Isaac, Antônio Marcelo Barbante Casella and Marcos Pereira Ávila
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a vision-threatening ophthalmic emergency requiring prompt surgical intervention. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, recurrence remains a significant challe...

    Authors: Abdelrahman M. Tawfik, Ahmed Mohamed Eweidah, Rawan Adel Hassanien, Shrouk F. Mohamed, Rawan Ashraf Kasem and Mohammed Ghoneem
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive retinal disease that leads to vision loss if not detected early. Metabolomic analysis of vitreous humor offers a promising approach to identifying biomarkers associat...

    Authors: John Kim Hiller, Elise Mørk Sandås, Helge Rootwelt, Anja Østeby Vassli, Xhevat Lumi, Morten Carstens Moe, Tor Paaske Utheim, Katja Benedikte Prestø Elgstøen and Goran Petrovski
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:58
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. This study aimed to characterize the clinical results and usability of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) associated with a digital visualization system in vitreoretinal surgery for macular hol...

    Authors: Leticia Pinheiro de Freitas, Jamil Miguel Neto, Laís Lauria Neves, Thais Bastos, Alexandre Caiado Ferreira Pires, Antônio Marcelo Barbante Casella, David Leonardo Cruvinel Isaac and Marcos Pereira de Ávila
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:57
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. To assess macular anatomical and vascular parameters in individuals working in iron ore mines using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) imaging to explore pot...

    Authors: Navid Faraji, Seyyed Pouria Tafti, Niloofar Khoshroo, Alireza Khoshrou, Elham Bakhtiari, Saeid Eslami, Nasser Shoeibi, Mohammad Reza Ansari Astaneh, Seyedeh Maryam Hosseini, Majid Abrishami, Hamid Reza Heidarzadeh, Parnian Arjmand and Mojtaba Abrishami
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:56
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. It is evident that the physiopathological pathways of ocular and renal microvascular tissues in patients with systemic lupus are similar. Previously, this was confirmed by employing traditional fundus examinat...

    Authors: Ahmed Ibrahim Basiony, Sameh Mohamed Elgouhary, Hadeer Elbasuony Mohamed and Enas Sobhy Zahran
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:55
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Vision degrading mydesposiae (VDM) can have a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is a surgical modality used to treat a variety of vitreoretinal diseases and is an a...

    Authors: Malshi Karunatilake, Brendon Fijardo, Eugene Michael and Rizwan Somani
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:54
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a major cause of failure in cases of retinal detachment (RD) repair. Intravitreal melphalan, a known inhibitor of cellular proliferation, offers a novel therapeutic app...

    Authors: Carlos A. Moreira-Neto, Jose S Pulido, Luca Bongiovanni de Miranda Gonçalves, Gabriel Nunes Cavalcanti, Acacio Souza Lima, José de Paula Barbosa Neto, Daniel Lavinsky, Talita Virginia Fernandes de Oliveira, Fernando Ejii Ogata, Lucas Zago Ribeiro, Luiz Fernando Teixeira, Flavia Borelli Gomes do Nascimento, Luiz H. Lima, Octaviano Jr. Magalhães, Michel Eid Farah and Maurício Maia
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. To evaluate the impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and their combined presence (GDM-HDP) as perinatal risk factors for severe retinopathy of prematurity (...

    Authors: Narges Khoshtinat, Maryam Moayeri, Hanieh Fakhredin, Afsar Dastjani Farahani, Fariba Ghassemi, Alireza Mahmoudi, Fatemeh Bazvand and Amin Nabavi
    Citation: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous 2025 11:52
    Content type: Research Published on:


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International Journal of Retina and Vitreous

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