1360s
| Millennia |
|---|
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| Categories |
The 1360s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1360, and ended on December 31, 1369.
Events
1360
January–December
[edit]- June – Valdemar IV Atterdag attacks Skåne and conquers Lindholmen Castle.[1]
- August – Peace is concluded between Sweden and Denmark with the arbitration in Helsingborg. Magnus IV Eriksson cedes the Scanian lands except northern Halland to Denmark. In return, Valdemar IV Atterdag must help Magnus against his domestic enemies.[2]
- October 24 – The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, Edward III of England gives up his claim to the French throne, and releases King John II of France in return for French land, including Calais and Gascony.[3]
Date unknown
[edit]- Red Turban Rebellions: Chen Youliang murders Xu Shouhui and proclaims himself the emperor of Han in Wuchang before unsuccessfully attempting to capture Nanjing from Zhu Yuanzhang.[4]
- King Valdemar IV Atterdag of Denmark reconquers Scania, which has been in Swedish possession since 1332.[1]
- Shah Shuja regains rule of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia after the death of his brother, Shah Mahmud.
- Nawruz Beg overthrows his brother Qulpa as Khan of the Blue Horde.
- Muhammed VI overthrows his brother-in-law, Ismail II, as King of Granada (in modern-day Spain).
- Dmitri Konstantinovich is installed as ruler of Vladimir (in modern-day western Russia) by the Khan of the White Horde.[5]
- Earliest known Kırkpınar oil wrestling tournament in the Ottoman Empire, which will still be staged into the 21st century.[6]
1361
January–December
[edit]- March 17 – An-Nasir Hasan, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, is killed by one of his own mamluks, Yalbugha al-Umari, who, with the senior Mamluk emirs, has al-Mansur Muhammad installed as the new sultan.[7]
- April 13 – The University of Pavia is founded, on the Italian Peninsula.[8]
- May 1 – King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden and Norway sends a letter to the citizens of Visby, with a warning of an upcoming Danish invasion.
- July 27 – Battle of Visby: King Valdemar IV of Denmark conquers the city of Visby by defeating the defending Gutnish country yeomen, and takes Gotland.[9]
- October 10 – Edward the Black Prince marries Joan of Kent at Windsor Castle.[10]
Date unknown
[edit]- In the Marinid Empire in modern-day Morocco, Abu Salim Ibrahim is overthrown by Abu Umar, who is in turn overthrown by Abu Zayyan.
- Great Troubles: the Blue Horde descends into anarchy. Between 1361 and 1378, over 20 khans succeed each other in different parts of the Blue Horde's territory.
- Ottoman Emirate conquered Didymoteicho
- Chinese rebels capture the Goryeo capital.
- The earliest known musical keyboard instrument is built, with the layout of black and white keys that becomes standard.
1362
January–December
[edit]- January 1 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania switches New Year to January 1, before any other country does.
- January 16 – The "Grote Mandrenke" storm tide strikes the Netherlands, England, Germany and Denmark, destroying the Danish settlement of Rungholt in the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Humber estuary port of Ravenser Odd in England. The East Frisian island of Buise is broken into two by North Sea floods.
- February 15 – King Haakon VI of Norway, son of King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden, proclaims himself king of Sweden in opposition to his father. However, later in the year, father and son are reconciled and rule Sweden together.
- March – Murad I succeeds his father Orhan as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- March – Champa, during the reign of King Po Binasuor, raids Hóa Châu of Đại Việt, then withdraws.[11]
- April – Sultan Muhammad V of Granada, returns to the throne after the murder of the usurper Muhammed VI.
- April 6
- Battle of Brignais: The Free Companies defeat a French army.
- A fire destroys much of St Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.[12]
- April 17 – Kaunas Castle in Lithuania falls to the Teutonic Order, after a month-long siege.
- June – Under the terms of the will of Sir John de Wingfield (died 1361), the church of St. Andrew and a college of priests are founded in Wingfield, Suffolk, England.
- June 22 – An alliance is formed between England and Castile.[13]
- July 8 – Valdemar IV of Denmark defeats the Hanseatic League in the naval Battle of Helsingborg.
- September 28 – Pope Urban V succeeds Pope Innocent VI, as the 200th pope.
- October 13 – The Chancellor of England for the first time opens Parliament with a speech in English.[14] Under Edward III, the Pleading in English Act makes English rather than Law French the official language in English law courts.[13][15]
- November – Lionel of Antwerp, son of King Edward III of England, is created Duke of Clarence.
- December 21 – Constantine IV succeeds his cousin, Constantine III, as King of Armenia.
Date unknown
[edit]- Autumn 1362 or 1363 – Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas defeats the Tatars, and takes over Kyiv.
- Red Turban Rebellions: Hu Dahai, aide to Zhu Yuanzhang, is killed by Miao chieftains in Yanzhou (part of modern-day Jinhua and Hangzhou).[16] Chaghan Temur is killed and succeeded by his nephew Köke Temür.
- The Ottomans capture Philippopolis (or in 1364, 1371) and Adrianopole (the modern-day city of Edirne, or in 1369) from the Byzantine Empire, reducing its territory to the city of Constantinople, part of the Peloponessus, and some islands.
- The Öræfajökull volcano erupts in Iceland, resulting in the destruction of the district of Litlahérað by flood and tephra fall.
- The English Hospice of the Most Holy Trinity and St Thomas is founded in Rome. It goes on to become the English College, a centre for training English priests in Rome.
- Purported date of the inscription of the Kensington Runestone, at Solem, Minnesota.
1363
January–December
[edit]- April 9 – Haakon VI of Norway marries Margaret I of Denmark.
- August – The Revolt of Saint Titus, against the rule of the Republic of Venice in the Kingdom of Candia (island of Crete), begins.
- August 30–October 4 – Battle of Lake Poyang: The Dahan rebel forces of Chen Youliang are defeated by the Red Turban Rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang, during the final decade of Yuan dynasty control over China. Zhu's naval forces of 200,000 are pitted against Chen's naval forces of 650,000 troops, in what is not only the largest naval battle of the medieval age, but also one of the largest naval battles in history.
Date unknown
[edit]- Ottoman Turks seize Filibe (Philippopolis) in Thrace in the Byzantine–Ottoman wars.[17][18]
- Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, dethrones Dmitry of Suzdal to become Grand Prince of Vladimir.
- Philip the Bold becomes duke of Burgundy.[19]
- Al-Afdal al-Abbas succeeds Al-Mujahid Ali as Rasulid Sultan of Yemen.
- The Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is completed in Cairo, Egypt.
1364
January–December
[edit]- February 15 – Joint kings Magnus Eriksson and Haakon Magnusson of Sweden are both deposed by noblemen, who instead elect Magnus's nephew Albrekt of Mecklenburg the new king of Sweden.
- February 20 – David II of Scotland marries Margaret Drummond.[20]
- April 8 – Charles V becomes King of France.[21]
- May 12 – The Jagiellonian University is founded in Kraków.
- July 28 – Battle of Cascina: Forces of the Republic of Florence, led by Galeotto Malatesta, defeat those of Pisa.
- August 6 – Ignatius Saba I becomes the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Tur Abdin.[22]
- September 10 – Philip of Anjou becomes Titular Emperor of Constantinople and Prince of Taranto.
- September 29 – Battle of Auray: The Breton War of Succession ends, with the victory of the House of Montfort over Charles of Blois.
Date unknown
[edit]- Vladislav I (also known as Vlaicu-Vodă) becomes voivode of Wallachia.
- Bogdana Monastery is built in Moldavia.
- Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh, as ruler of Mewar (part of modern-day western India).
- Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy, as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (part of modern-day southern India).
- The Kingdom of Ava is established by Thado Minbya in modern-day northern Burma. Some chronicles and sources however date the event in 1365.
1365
January–December
[edit]- March 3 – Battle of Gataskogen: Albert of Mecklenburg defeats and captures Magnus Eriksson, obtaining the throne of Sweden.
- March 12 – The University of Vienna is founded.
- June 2 – The Hungarian occupation of Vidin begins, with the capture of the city by Louis I of Hungary's forces, and the imprisonment of Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria.
- October – Alexandrian Crusade: The city of Alexandria in Egypt is sacked by an allied force of Peter I of Cyprus and the knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
- November 30 – The Nagarakretagama, a Javanese eulogy chronicling the journey of the Majapahit king, Hayam Wuruk, through his kingdom, is completed by Mpu Prapanca.
Date unknown
[edit]- Adrianopole (modern-day Edirne) becomes the capital city of the Ottoman Sultanate.
- In modern-day southern India, Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I invades the Vijayanagara Empire.
- The Sukhothai Kingdom in northern Thailand becomes a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.[citation needed]
- Muhammed V begins building the Maristan of Granada (a hospital) in Granada (in modern-day Spain).
- The Chagatai Khanate defeats Timur in the Battle of Tashkent.
1366
- March 13 – Henry II deposes his half-brother, Pedro of Castile, to become King of Castile.
- October 12 – Frederick III of Sicily forbids decorations on synagogues.
- October 26 – Comet 55P/Tempel–Tuttle passes 0.0229 AU (3,430,000 km; 2,130,000 mi) from Earth.[23]
Date unknown
[edit]- War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in modern-day southern India.
- Dmitri Donskoi, ruler of Moscow and Vladimir, makes peace with Dmitri Konstantinovich, former ruler of Vladimir.
- Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I of Morocco succeeds assassinated Abu Zayyan as Sultan of the Marinid Empire in Morocco.
- The Statutes of Kilkenny are passed, aiming to curb the decline of the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland.
- The Den Hoorn brewery is founded at Leuven in the Low Countries. In 1717 this will be renamed the Brouwerij Artois, and later releases a beer in 1926 named Stella Artois.
- Zhu Yuanzhang, leader of the Red Turban Rebellion that will overthrow the Yuan dynasty and establish the Ming dynasty two years later, begins building the walls for a new capital city at Nanjing.
- Thomas Fraser obtains lands in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) on which he starts the building of a towerhouse, that will later be known as Muchalls Castle.
1367
January–March
[edit]
- January 18 – Fernando the Handsome becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, King Pedro the Avenger.[24]
- January 29 – At Chur in what is now the Swiss Canton of Raetia, the League of God's House is founded in the Old Swiss Confederacy as an agreement between nine communities to come to each other's aid in the event of a crisis.[25]
- February 28 – King Enrique II of Castile sends a letter of challenge to Edward, the Black Prince of England, who has already crossed the Pyrenees into Spain with 27,000 troops, daring him to help King Pedro to reclaim the Castilian throne, prompting Edward to organize an army and invade Spain.[26]
- March 19 – The Battle of Inglesmendi is fought in the Crown of Castile (now in Spain) by English troops led by Edward the Black Prince and supporters of the recently deposed King Pedro of Castile who are seeking to restore Pedro to the Castilian throne, against the supporters of the reigning King Enrique II. The knight William Felton is killed and his brother Thomas Felton is taken prisoner of war.[27]
- March 29 – (14th waning of Tagu 728 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Pyanchi becomes the King of Toungoo upon the death of his father, King Theingaba.[28]
April–June
[edit]- April 3 – Battle of Nájera: Pedro of Castile is restored as King of Castile (in modern-day Spain) after defeating his half-brother, King Enrique the Fratricidal.[29] Pedro is aided in the battle by the English under Edward the Black Prince, and Henry by the French.
- April 24 – Otto I, "the Evil", becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (in modern-day Germany) on the death of his father, Ernst I.
- May 2 – At Burgos in Spain, Edward the Black Prince of England attempts to get himself and his soldiers paid by King Pedro of Castile for their services at the battle of Najera, but receives instead a renewal of a bond to secure the debt owed.[30]
- May 20 – John of Ashwell becomes the new Attorney General for England and Wales upon the departure of Thomas of Shardelow.[31]
- May 31 – King Robert III of Scotland names his son Prince James of Stewart as the Earl of Atholl, a title traditionally given to the heir of the Scottish throne.[32]
- June 20 – The author Geoffrey Chaucer is appointed by King Edward III of England as a valet de chambre as a means of receiving a regular income while pursuing his writing. By 1372, Chaucer delivers his first epic poem, The Book of the Duchess, in honor of Duchess Blanche of Lancaster[33].
July–September
[edit]- July 9 – Guy de Blois, Count of Sissons, held hostage by Enguerrand VII de Coucy, Earl of Bedford, is forced to surrender Soissons to Bedford in return for his freedom.[34]
- July 19 – King Charles V of France issues a royal edict ordering the bonne villes (defined as "the French town that enjoyed especial royal favour") to improve their defenses by improving town walls, towers and gateways.[35]
- July 26 – At Avignon, Pope Urban V learns of a possible invasion of France by John of Gaunt and his intention to capture Provence, and writes to England's King Edward III to take steps to prevent it.[36]
- August 31 – In Switzerland, Amadeus IV, Count of Geneva become the new Count of Geneva when his brother, Aymon III, dies of battle wounds after only seven months after taking office on January 18.[37]
October–December
[edit]- October 1 – Red Turban Rebellions: Zhu Yuanzhang takes Suzhou from Zhang Shicheng, who unsuccessfully attempts suicide before being captured and taken to Nanjing, where he dies.[39]
- September 1 – One month before his appointment as Bishop of Winchester, William of Wykeham is confirmed as the Chancellor of England following his appointment by King Edward III.[40]
- October 16 – Pope Urban V makes the first attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. This move is reversed in 1370, when he is forced to return to Avignon, and shortly afterwards dies.
- November 19 – In Germany, the Kölner Konföderation is founded by eight German members of the Hanseatic League (Lübeck, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar, Kulm and Thorn, and five non-League Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Brielle, Harderwijk,Elbing and Kampen) to fight against the Kingdom of Denmark, whose ruler King Valdemar IV, has been seizing land to expand the territory owned by the Danish crown.[41]
- December 28 – During the Red Turban Rebellions, Hu Mei captures Shaowu, while Xu Da and Chang Yuchun capture Jinan, bringing both under the Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's control.[42]
Date unknown
[edit]- Winter – Construction of a stone Moscow Kremlin Wall around the city is begun to resist invasion by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
- Petru I succeeds his grandfather Bogdan I as voivode (ruler) of Moldavia.
- The first university in Pécs, Hungary, is founded by King Louis I.
1368
January–March
[edit]- January 12 – Zhu Yuanzhang declares himself as Emperor of China and forces Emperor Huizong of the Yuan dynasty to flee the capital, Yingtian (now Nanjing).[43]
- January 23 – Zhu Yuanzhang establishes the Ming dynasty with himself as the Emperor Hongwu. The new dynasty will last until 1644. The Emperor immediately orders every county magistrate to set up four granaries, and halts government taxation on books.[44] Work begins later year on restoring the surviving Great Wall of China.[45]
- February 13 – Otto VII, Elector of Brandenburg signs the Treaty of Dramburg a treaty with King Casimir III of Poland, returning the town of Wôłcz (no Walcz) to Poland's control.
- February 24 – King Edward III of England summons the English Parliament to meet at Westminster on May 1.
- March 4 – On behalf of Louis of Anjou, brother of France's King Charles V, Bertrand Du Guesclin and 2,000 troops began a siege of the city of Tarascon, which surrenders to him on March 22.[46]
- March 7 –
- Mamluk raid on Cyprus (1368): Acting at the orders of Egypt's Mamluk Sultan al-Ashraf Sha'ban, General Ibrahim al-Tazi lands with 500 troops at Cyprus and begins a 23-day raid.[47]
- The new Ōan era is proclaimed in Japan, ending the Jōji era because of problems in 1367 with an epidemic and natural disasters.
- March 16 – 12th waning of Tabaung, 729 ME. In what is now Myanmar, the coronation of Swa Saw Ke as King of Ava is held. Swa Saw Ke had taken power on six months earlier on September 5, but waited for the court astrologers to determine the ideal date for the coronation ceremony.[48]
- March 29 – Emperor Chōkei accedes to the throne of Japan.[49]
- March 30 – Mamluk raid on Cyprus (1368): Ibrahim al-Tazi completes raid by Egypt's Mamluk Sultanate on the Kingdom of Cyprus and begins sending back captured treasure.[47]
April–June
[edit]- April 4 – The siege of Copenhagen, capital of the Kingdom of Denmark, is started by the Hanseatic League as 37 ships and 2,000 soldiers arrive at the city after sailing from the German city of Lübeck under the leadership of the city's leader, Bruno von Warendorp. The invaders bring with them 400 horses and eight trebuchets (long range catapults) and four regular catapults.[50] While the city falls in four weeks, the Absalon fortress on Slotsholmen island holds out for two months.
- April 30 – Henry of Trastámara, deposed a year earlier from his position as King of Castile and Leon, captures the city of León after a siege of more than three months.
- May 1 – The English Parliament is opened for a 21-day session by King Edward III.
- May 2 – Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, falls to the Hanseatic League four weeks after the April 4 invasion of the kingdom and King Valdemar IV is forced to flee while the city is pillaged and looted by troops led by Bruno von Warendorp.[50]
- May 10 – Forces of the Republic of Venice suppress the Revolt of Saint Titus against Venetian rule in the Kingdom of Candia on the island of Crete).[51]
- May 21 – The English Parliament adjourns and King Edward III gives royal assent multiple new laws, including the landmark Observance of Due Process of Law, "declaring that none shall be put to answer an accusation made to the King without presentment", still in effect more than 650 years later. The King also approves the Naturalisation Act (" Children born beyond sea in the King's dominions shall be inheritable in England".[52]
- May 25 – The Duchy of Wolgast, created more than 200 years earlier in 1160 as part of the division of the Duchy of Pomerania, is divided among the heirs of the late Barnim IV, who had been co-ruler with his brothers Wartislaw V and Bogislaw V.[53]
- June 10 – Michele Morosini becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Venice and replaces the late Doge Andrea Contarini, but he serves for only four months before dying in office at the age of 74.
- June 16 – The siege of Copenhagen by the Hanseatic League ends as the remaining defenders of Absalon Castle surrender and the building is destroyed.[50]
July–September
[edit]- July 28 – With the death of Bolko II the Small, one of the Dukes of Silesia, his widow Agnes of Austria receives control of the Duchy of Świdnica, the duchies of Jawor, Lwówek Śląski and Lusatia, and half of five other Polish duchies (Brzeg, Oława from, Siewierz, Głogów and Ścinawa. Upon her death 14 years later, the duchies are all incorporated into the Crown of Bohemia and its ruler, Wenceslaus IV.[54]
- August 15 – The Ming General Xu Da sets off from Kaifeng at the direction of the Chinese Emperor Hongwu, with plans to rid China of the former Yuan dyansty Emperor Huizong.[44]
- August 25 – Count Gottfried IV of Ambsbe, who has no children, sells Arnsberg to the Duchy of Westphalia by way of the Archbishop of Köln, for 30,000 guilders, allowing Westphalia to complete its reunification.
- September 10 – Xu Da captures the city of Tongzhou after defeating a Yuan army, forcing Huizong to flee to Shangdu.[44]
- September 14 – General Xu Da captures the Yuan city of Khanbaliq and renames it Beiping ("northern peace"), a forerunner to the current name of Beijing ("northern capital").[44]
October–December
[edit]- October 11 – Pope Urban V issues a papal bull appointing William Whittlesey as Archbishop of Canterbury, and "primate of all England". [55]
- October 16 – Michele Morosini dies in office from the bubonic plague, only four months after becoming Doge of Venice, and is replaced by Antonio Venier as the Republic's chief executive.[56]
- October 17 –
- Lionel, Duke of Clarence, second only to Edward the Black Prince as heir to the throne of England, dies in Italy at the age of 29, less than five months after her May 28 marriage to Violante Visconti, daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti Lord of Milan. Lionel's death, suspected to have been from accidental food poisoning, ends any chance for an alliance between England and Milan.[57]
- Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Urban V meet at Viterbo in Italy and make plans to enter Rome together after the Pope's travel from Avignon.[58]
- October 21 – Charles greets Pope Urban at Monte Mario, and the two ride together to a welcome in Rome.[58]
- November 1 – Elizabeth of Pomerania, wife of the Charles IV, is crowned as the Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Urban V.[59]
- November 21 – King Algirdas of Lithuania and the Grand Duke Mikhail II of Tver defeat troops of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Battle of the Trosna River, and reach the outside of the Moscow Kremlin Wall that surrounds the capital, but find it to be insurmountable and are unable to mount a siege.
- December 3 – Joanna of Bourbon, Queen consort of France as wife of King Charles V, gives birth to his first child, the Dauphin Charles of Valois. The Dauphin will become King Charles VI in 1380 upon the death of his father.
- December 7 – The Treaty of Plüschow is signed, allowing Albrecht II, Duke of Mecklenburg, to purchase neighboring Schwerin for 20,000 silver Marks to create Mecklenburg-Schwerin, jointly ruled by his wife, Richardis.[60]
Date unknown
[edit]- Durrës, the second-largest city in modern-day Albania (at this time known as Dyrrhachium), is captured from the Angevins by Karl Thopia, a powerful feudal prince and warlord.[61]
- Lațcu, son of Bogdan I, deposes his nephew Petru I, and becomes voivode of Moldavia. (Other sources state that Lațcu had succeeded his father Bogdan in 1367).[62]
- Timur ascends the throne of Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan).[63]
- Maha Thammaracha II becomes ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom (in modern-day northern Thailand) after the death of Maha Thammaracha I.[64]
- Mikhail Aleksandrovich becomes the sole ruler of Tver (in modern-day western Russia), after the death of co-ruler and rival Vasiliy Mikhailovich of Kashin.[65]
- Moscow attacks Tver, which counter-attacks with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.[66]
- The King of Norway sends the last Royal Ship from Norway to the Greenland Eastern Settlement. This event is part of both the Norse colonization of the Americas, and of the History of Greenland.
- A peace treaty is signed between Norway and the Hanseatic League.
- The Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France) is founded as the Royal Library at the Louvre Palace in Paris, by Charles V of France.[67]
- Petrarch concludes writing the sequence of Italian sonnets and other poems known as Il Canzoniere.[68]
1369
January–March
[edit]- January 17 – Peter the Fat becomes the new King of Cyprus when his father, King Peter I, is stabbed to death while in bed at the Palace of La Cava in Nicosia. The murder is carried out by a group of noblemen, led by Philip of Ibelin, Henry of Jubail, John of Gaurelle, and James of Nores, along with some outlaws freed from imprisonment earlier in the evening.[69]
- January 25 – King Charles of France sends a summons to Edward the Black Prince, who is residing at Bordeaux, demanding that Edward appear before the King in Paris to answer for Edward's assessment of taxes on the people of Aquitaine. The Black Prince reportedly responds with the threat "We will willingly attend at Paris on the day appointed since the King of France sends for us, but it shall be with our helmet on our head and 60,000 men in our company".[70]
- February 19 – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II, the Muslim Caliph of Tunis, is killed in a shipwreck at the age of 32 and is succeeded by his 12-year-old son Abu-al-Baqa Khalid II.[71]
- February – Vladislav I of Wallachia liberates Vidin from the Hungarians, resulting in the restoration of Ivan Sratsimir on the throne of Bulgaria, in the autumn.
- March 14 – King Pedro of Castile loses the Battle of Montiel to French soldiers led by Bertrand du Guesclin and Castilians led by his half-brother, Enrique. Pedro takes refuge in a fortress and offers du Guesclin 200,000 gold coins and a promise of several towns in Castile, in return for betraying Enrique. Afterwards, du Guesclin informs Enrique of the offer.[72]
- March 18 – In a period of a few days, more than 800 communities in the Duchy of Aquitaine send requests to King Charles V of France for aid in escaping England's rule.
- March 23 – Enrique of Castile assassinates King Pedro of Castile after Pedro is betrayed by Bertrand du Guesclin.[72]
April–June
[edit]- April 6 –
- The city of Lucca in Italy pays the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for the right for self-government, and Cardinal Guy de Montfort is appointed the imperial vicar to secure the debt.
- King Edward III summons the members of the House of Lords and House of Commons to assemble on June 3 for a session of the English Parliament.
- April 13 – Joanna I of Naples, in her capacity as Countess of Provence, signs a treaty with Louis, Duke of Anjou to end the war between Anjou and Provence.[73]
- April 15 – Saint Elzéar of Sabran (1285-1323) is canonized by Pope Urban V as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.[74]
- May 7 – Košice, in Slovakia, becomes the first town in Europe to be granted its own coat of arms as King Louis of Hungary grants the right in a charter in recognition of the city's assistance in the Battle of Rozhanovice.[75]
- May 9 – At a meeting of the Estates General in Paris, the delegates approve the resumption of hostilities between France and England.
- May 21 – The Yuan dynasty Chinese warlord of Shaanxi province, Li Siqi, surrenders to the Ming dynasty Emperor Hongwu.[76]
- May 25 – Dương Nhật Lễ becomes the new Emperor of Vietnam (Dai Viet) upon the death of the Emperor Trần Dụ Tông.[77]
- May – King Charles V of France renounces the Treaty of Brétigny, and war is declared between France and England.
- June 3 – At the opening of the English Parliament at Westminster, King Edward III of England proclaims himself to the rightful heir to the throne of France after the Hundred Years' War is resumed by France's King Charles V.[78]
- June 5 – Jean de Lusignan, regent for the King of Cyprus, uses his navy to attack Sidon in what is now Lebanon, but is then forced to retreat because of a storm.
- June 11 – The Parliament of England adjourns after eight days, as King Edward III gives royal assent to acts passed, removing the wool staple of Calais, as well as specifying limits to the import of wine from Gascoigne, and prohibiting the king's butler and lieutenants from taking "more wines than is commanded."[79]
- June 19 – At Ghent, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and ruler of a realm that includes much of present-day Netherlands and Belgium, marries Margaret, daughter of Louis II of Flanders.[80]
- June 27 – Thomas de Brantingham succeeds John Barnet as the Lord High Treasurer of England.[81]
July–September
[edit]- July 9 – Lusignan of Cyprus leads the Cypriots in an unsuccessful attack on Alexandria in Egypt, then retreats, attacks Sidon again on July 19 and then is force by the weather to return to Cyprus, landing back at Famagusta on July 22.
- July 20 –
- In the continued conquest of Yuan dynasty China by the Ming dynasty, General Chang Yuchun captures the Yuan capital, Shangdu, forcing the Yuan Emperor Huizong to flee further northward.[76]
- The kingdoms of England and Scotland sign a 14-year-truce.Dowden, John (1912). The Bishops of Scotland. Glasgow: J. Maitland Thomson.
- August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, wife of King Edward III, dies after 39 years as Queen consort of England.[82]
- August 23 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, lands with English troops at Calais to begin a raid in France while Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, assembles troops to confront the English invasion. The standoff continues while Lancaster waits for additional troops from the Earl of Warwick.
- August 24 – Danish–Hanseatic War (1361–1370): After an 18-month siege by the armies of the Hanseatic League and the Kingdom of Sweden, Denmark recaptures Lindholmen Castle and forces a retreat by King Albert of Sweden along with the Hansa and Swedish forces.[83]
- August 29 – Vladislav I of Wallachia obtains, by permission from the King of Hungary, control of the Transylvanian duchies of Almas and Fagaras
- September 2 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, is forced to disband the army that he had assembled to capture Normandy from the control of England, after being ordered by King Charles V of France.
- September 22 – Ludovico II Gonzaga becomes the new Lord of Mantua upon the death of his father, Guido Gonzaga.[84]
- September 29 – The Treaty of Scharding is signed between Duke Albrecht III of Austria and Duke Stephen II of Bavaria to end the dispute over control of Tyrol.[85]
- September – Hundred Years' War: The French burn Portsmouth, England;[86] the English raid Picardy and Normandy.[87]
October–December
[edit]- October 18 – John V Palaiologos, partiarch of Constantinople and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith, meets in Rome with the Roman Catholic Pope Urban V and agrees to recognize the Pope as the leader of all Christendom, after negotiation between Rome and Constantinople had been made by Demetrios Chrysoloras.[88]
- November 30 – Hundred Years' War: Charles V of France recaptures most of Aquitaine from the English.[87]
- December 7 – The Estates General in France approves the request by King Charles V to raise taxes in order to finance the renewed war with England.
- December 25 – Frederick the Simple, King of Sicily, issues an order on Christmas Day directing all Jews on the island to wear a red badge identifying their heritage.
- December – Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English, in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales.A storm causes Owain to abandon the invasion. [89]
Dates unknown
[edit]- The Ottoman Empire invades Bulgaria.[90]
- Venice repels a Hungarian invasion.
- The Thai Ayutthaya Kingdom conquers Cambodia for a second time.[91]
- Charles V of France orders Hugues Aubriot to construct the fortress of the Bastille in Paris.
- Timur names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.[92]
- The Hongwu Emperor of the Chinese Ming dynasty issues a decree ordering every country magistrate in the empire to open a Confucian school of learning.
- The official production of Jingdezhen porcelain in Ming dynasty China is on record.
Significant people
[edit]- The Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang), founder of the Ming dynasty
Births
1360
- January 8 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1410)
- March 31 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1415)
- May 2 – Yongle Emperor of China (d. 1424)
- June 24 – Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general (d. 1431)
- August 10 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (d. 1417)
- date unknown
- Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (d. 1391)
- Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1403)
- Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, Italian banker, founder of the Medici dynasty of Florence (d. 1429)
- Yi Chongmu, Korean general (d. 1425)
- Andrei Rublev, Russian painter (d. 1430)
- Stanislaw of Skarbimierz, Polish religious writer (d. 1431)
1361
- February 26 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (d. 1419)
- date unknown
- John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (d. 1396)
- Isabella, Countess of Foix, vassal ruler (d. 1428)
- King Charles III of Navarre (d. 1425)
- She Xiang, Chinese tribute chieftain (d. 1396)
1362
- January 16 – Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford and Duke of Ireland (d. 1392)
- Empress Xu (Ming dynasty) of China (d. 1407)
- probable – Wang Fu, Chinese painter (d. 1416)
- date unknown
1363
- July 2 – Maria, Queen of Sicily (d. 1401)
- December 13 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (d. 1429)
- date unknown
- Margaret of Bavaria, Burgundian regent (d. 1423)
- Thomas Langley, bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England (d. 1437)
- probable – Zeami Motokiyo, Japanese actor and playwright (d. 1443)
1364
- September – Christine de Pizan, French writer (d. c.1430)[95]
- November 30 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (d. 1390)
- December 16 – Emperor Manuel III of Trebizond (d. 1417)
- date unknown
- al-Maqrizi, Egyptian historian and biographer (d. 1442)
- Gyaltsab Je, first throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (d. 1432)
- Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, Persian mathematician (d. 1436)
1365
- January 27 – Edward of Angoulême, French-born royal prince of England (d. 1370)
- July 25 – U of Goryeo, Korean king (d. 1389)
- September 11 – Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, French noble (d. 1431)
- date unknown – Abd al-Karīm al-Jīlī, Baghdadi Sufi author (d. 1424)
- approximate date – Violant of Bar, queen regent of Aragon (d. 1431)[96]
1366
- May 11 – Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (d. 1394)[97]
- August 28 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (d. 1421)
- date unknown
- Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk, English noblewoman (d. 1425)
- Miran Shah, governor of Azerbaijan (d. 1408)
- Approximate
- Eleanor de Bohun, English noble (d.1399)[98]
1367
- January 6 – King Richard II of England (d. 1400)[99]
- March 22 or 1368 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (d. 1399)
- June 13 – King Taejong of Joseon, Korean king (d. 1422)
- date unknown – Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician (d. 1415)
- probable – Mary of Enghien, queen consort of Naples (d. 1446)
1368
- February 14 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1437)
- December 3 – King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)[100]
- probable
- Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1447)
- Ida de Grey, Cambro-Norman noble (d. 1426)
- Thomas Hoccleve, English poet (d. 1426)
1369
- January/February – Pope Martin V (d. 1431)
- May 28th – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1424)
- date unknown – William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (d. 1414)
- probable – King Constantine I of Georgia (d. c. 1412)
- approximate – Jan Hus, Czech priest and philosopher (d. 1415)
- approximate – Margareta, Swedish Sami missionary (d. 1425)
Deaths
1360
- February 26 – Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March, English military leader (b. 1328)
- September 16 – William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (b. 1319)
- September 29 – Joanna I of Auvergne, queen consort of France (b. 1326)
- November 4 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (b. 1295)
- December 26 – Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent
- date unknown
- David IX of Georgia, King of Georgia
- Geoffrey the Baker, English chronicler
- Isabella, Countess of Brienne, Countess of Lecce
- Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian (b. 1295)
- Xu Shouhui, Chinese rebel leader, emperor of Tianwan (b. 1320)[4]
1361
- January 7 – Gerlach I of Nassau-Wiesbaden
- March 17 – An-Nasir Hasan, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt (b. 1334/35)
- March 23 – Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster, English soldier and diplomat
- May 21 – Orhan Ghazi, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1274)
- June 9 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (b. 1291)
- June 15 – Johannes Tauler, German mystic theologian
- June 17 – Ingeborg of Norway, princess consort and regent of Sweden (b. 1301)
- September 18 – Louis V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1315)
- October 4 – John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray, English baron (b. 1310)
- October 8 – John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp, Warden of the Cinque Ports
- November 21 – Philip of Rouvres, Duke of Burgundy (plague) (b. 1346)
- date unknown
- Giovanni, son of Francesco Petrarch (plague)
- Richard Badew, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
- Reynold Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham of Sterborough, English knight and diplomat (b. 1295)
- Hajji Beg, Barlas leader
- c. 1362 Blanche of Bourbon
1362
- March – Orhan, Ottoman sultan (b. 1281)
- April 6 – James I, Count of La Marche, French soldier (b. 1319)
- April 10 – Maud, Countess of Leicester (b. 1339)
- May 26 – Louis of Taranto (b. 1320)
- July 11 – Anna von Schweidnitz, empress of Charles IV (b. 1339) (childbirth)
- July 22 – Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (poisoned) (b. 1324)
- September 7 – Joan of the Tower, Queen consort of king David II of Scotland (b. 1321)
- September 12 – Pope Innocent VI (b. 1282 or 1295)
- December 10 – Frederick III, Duke of Austria, second son of Duke Albert II of Austria (b. 1347)
- December 21 – Constantine III of Armenia (b. 1313)
- date unknown
1363
- January 13 – Meinhard III, Count of Tyrol
- March 3 – Simone Boccanegra, first doge of Genoa (approximate date)
- c. April – Blanche of Namur, queen consort of Sweden (b. 1320)
- July 29 – John Bardolf, 3rd Baron Bardolf (b. 1314)
- August 23 – Chen Youliang, founder of the Dahan regime (b. 1320)
- October 7 – Eleanor de Bohun, Countess of Ormonde (b. 1304)
- date unknown
- Adil-Sultan, khan of the Chagatai Khanate
- Jean Buridan, French philosopher (b. 1295)[101]
- probable – Ranulf Higdon, English chronicler (b. c. 1299)
1364
- April 8 – King John II of France (b. 1319)[102]
- June 19 – Elisenda of Montcada, queen consort and regent of Aragon (b. 1292)
- June 30 – Arnošt of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1297)
- August 5 – Emperor Kōgon of Japan (b. 1313)
- September 10 – Robert of Taranto
- September 29 – Charles I, Duke of Brittany (b. 1319)
- date unknown
- Nicholas Alexander, voivode of Wallachia
- Gajah Mada, prime minister of the Majapahit empire
- King Valdemar III of Denmark (b. 1314)
1365
- March 8 – Princess Noguk of the Yuan dynasty and queen consort of Goryeo
- May 17 – Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1328)
- July 27 – Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1339)
- December 8 – Nicholas II, Duke of Opava (b. 1288)
- date unknown – Zhu Derun, Chinese painter and poet (b. 1294)
1366
- January 25 – Henry Suso, German mystic (b. c. 1295)
- April 26 – Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury
- May 20 – Maria of Calabria, Empress of Constantinople (b. 1329)
- Summer – Ming Yuzhen, founder of the rebel empire of Daxia (b. 1331)
- October 14 – Ibn Nubata, Arab poet (b. 1287)[103]
- October 18 – Petrus Torkilsson, Archbishop of Uppsala
1367
- January – Han Lin'er, Chinese rebel leader, emperor of Han Song (b. 1339)[104]
- January 9 – Giulia della Rena, Italian saint (b. 1319)
- January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (b. 1320)
- April 13 – John Tiptoft, 2nd Baron Tibetot (b. 1313)
- August 23 – Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, Spanish cardinal (b. 1310)
- September 25 – Jakushitsu Genkō, Japanese poet (b. 1290)
- December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shōgun (b. 1330)
- date unknown
- Bogdan I of Moldavia
- Zhang Shicheng, Chinese rebel leader, King of Wu (b. 1321)[38]
1368
- March 29 – Emperor Go-Murakami of Japan (b. 1328)
- August 25 – Andrea Orcagna, Italian painter, sculptor and architect
- September 12 – Blanche of Lancaster, English duchess, spouse of John of Gaunt (b. 1345)
- October 7 – Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III of England (b. 1338)
- undated – Maha Thammaracha I, Thai ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom and Buddhist philosopher (b. c.1300)
- probable – Ibn Battuta, Arabian traveler
1369
- January 17 – King Peter I of Cyprus (murdered) (b. 1328)
- March 23 – King Peter of Castile (b. 1334) (murdered after the battle of Montiel)
- August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England (b. 1311) (dropsy)
- October 3 – Margaret, Countess of Tyrol (b. 1318)
- November 13 – Thomas Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
- date unknown
- Sir John Chandos, English knight
- Agnes Dunbar, Countess of Moray
- Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- Ramathibodi I, first king of Ayutthaya (b. 1314)
References
[edit]- 1 2 Chronology of Sweden". worldtimeline.info. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
- ↑ Mikael Nordberg, I kung Magnus tid (In the Times of King Magnus) ISBN 91-1-952122-7
- ↑ Sumption 2001, p. 448.
- 1 2 Twitchett, Denis (1998). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780521243322.
- ↑ George Vernadsky, "The Mongols and Russia".
- ↑ "Historical Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival kicks off in northwestern Turkey". DailySabah. 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ↑ Bauden, Frédéric. "The Qalawunids: A Pedigree" http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/qalawunids/qalawunid-pedigree.pdf (PDF). University of Chicago. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
- ↑ "History". www.unipv.eu (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
- ↑ Lihammer, Anna (2011). ”Slaget om Visby”. Arkeologiska upptäckter i Sverige. Lund: Historiska Media ISBN 978-91-85873-96-8
- ↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, page 257, Volume VII, "Dụ Tông hoàng đế"
- ↑ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p27
- 1 2 Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 106–108. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ↑ "The slang words that defined the First World War". The Daily Telegraph. Oct 13, 2014. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- ↑ "Statute of Pleading". Language and Law.org. 1362. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- 1 2 History of Ming, Vol.133
- ↑ İnalcık, Halil (1994). Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları (in Turkish). İSAM. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-605-5586-06-5.
- ↑ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 377–378. ISBN 0472082604.
- ↑ "Philip II | duke of Burgundy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
- ↑ "5 forgotten queens and princesses of Scotland". www.scotsman.com. April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "Charles V | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ↑ Barsoum, Aphrem (2008). The History of Tur Abdin. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. p. 95.
- ↑ "Closest Approaches to the Earth by Comets". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
- ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand I. of Portugal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
- ↑ "League of God's House" in Romansh, German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ↑ Jones, Michael (2018). The Black Prince. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781784972936.
{{cite book}}: Text "page 1292" ignored (help) - ↑
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Fotheringham, James Gainsborough (1889), "Felton, William (d.1367)", in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 18, London: Smith, Elder & Co, p. 311 - ↑ Sein Lwin Lay, Kahtika U (2006) [1968]. Mintaya Shwe Hti and Bayinnaung: Ketumadi Taungoo Yazawin (in Burmese). Yangon: Yan Aung Sarpay. pp. 22–23.
- ↑ Froissart, Jean (1808). Sir John Froissart's Chronicles of England, France, Spain, and the Adjoining Countries, from the Latter Part of the Reign of Edward II. to the Coronation of Henry IV. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 302.
- ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889), "Edward the Black Prince", in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 17, London: Smith, Elder & Co, p. 98
- ↑ The Chronological Historian:Volume 1. p. 59.
- ↑ Boardman, S. I. (2004). "Robert III". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23714. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Beers, Kylene (2003). Holt Literature and Language Arts. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 113. ISBN 978-0030573743.
- ↑ Cokayne, George Edward (1912). "Bedford (County)". The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Bass to Canning. St. Catherine Press. p. 69.
- ↑ Template:Editor=Rosamond McKitterick
- ↑ Warner, Kathryn (2022). John of Gaunt: Son of One King, Father of Another. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445670324.
{{cite book}}: line feed character in|title=at position 16 (help) - ↑ Template:First=Eugene L.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 34-35.
- ↑ [38]
- ↑ Lipscomb, George (1847). "Hardwick, with Weedon". The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham. Vol. 3. J. & W. Robins. p. 361.
- ↑ Dollinger, Philippe (1970). The German Hansa. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0742-8.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 97.
- ↑ Frederick Mote (1988). "The rise of the Ming dynasty, 1330–1367". The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–57. ISBN 9780521243322.
- 1 2 3 4 Langlois, John D. (1988). "The Hung-wu reign, 1368–1398". In Frederick W. Mote; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–113. ISBN 0521243327.
- ↑ Frederick Mote (1999). Imperial China: 900-1800. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
- ↑ Masson, Paul (1937). Encyclopédie départementale des Bouches-du-Rhône, Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône. Marseille. p. 405.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - 1 2 Clément Onimus, "Peter I of Lusignan's Crusade and the Reaction of the Mamluk Sultanate", in Alexander D. Beihammer and Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, eds., Crusading, Society, and Politics in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of King Peter I of Cyprus (Brepols, 2022), pp. 251–271, at 258–259.
- ↑ Sandalinka, Shin (1781). Mani Yadanabon (in Burmese) (2009, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Seit-Ku Cho Cho. p. 35.
- ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 158.
- 1 2 3 Reisnert, Anders (2015). The Siege and Storm of Lindholmen during the Second Hanseatic War (1368-1369) (PDF). Bonn: Rudolf Habelt GMBH. pp. 206–208.
- ↑ McKee, Sally (December 1994), "The Revolt of St Tito in fourteenth-century Venetian Crete: A reassessment", Mediterranean Historical Review, 9(2): 173–204, doi:10.1080/09518969408569670
- ↑ "Acts of the English Parliament from 1368". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives.
- ↑ Edward Rymar (2005). Rodowód książąt pomorskich [Genealogy of the Dukes of Pomerania]. Pomeranian Library. pp. 315–316.
- ↑ "Sylwetki ważniejszych książąt śląskich". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
- ↑ W. Pengelly (1886). "Prince's 'Worthies of Devon' and the 'Dictionary of National Biography'". Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association of Science, Literature, and Art. XVIII: 349.
- ↑ Crowley, Roger (2011). City of Fortune - How Venice Won and lost a Naval Empire (Hardback). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24594-9.
- ↑ Ormrod, W. M. (January 2008b) [2004]. "Lionel, duke of Clarence (1338–1368)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16750. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
- 1 2 Lee, Alexander (2018). Humanism and Empire: The Imperial Ideal in Fourteenth-Century Italy. Oxford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780191662645.
- ↑ Warner, Kathryn (2017). Richard II: A True King's Fall. Amberley Publishing.
- ↑ "Von den Grafen zu Schwerin (1166-1359)". lexikus.de (in German). Retrieved 2025-06-05.
- ↑ Fine 1994, pp. 372–373: "Karlo entered into close relations with Venice, which granted him Venetian citizenship and called him Prince of Albania."
- ↑ Sălăgean, Tudor (2006). "Romanian society in the early Middle Ages". In Ioan-Aurel, Pop (ed.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). p. 201. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.
- ↑ Shahane, Girish (28 December 2016). "Counterview: Taimur's actions were uniquely horrific in Indian history". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 219–220 . ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
- ↑ Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4
- ↑ Batūra, Romas (2013). "Algirdo žygiai į Maskvą 1368 1370, 1372". In Zikaras, Karolis (ed.). Žymiausi Lietuvos mūšiai ir karinės operacijos (in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.). Vilnius: Alio. pp. 46–49. ISBN 978-9986-827-05-4.
- ↑ David A. Hanser (2006). Architecture of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 115.
- ↑ 'Introduction' to Canzoniere, translated by Anthony Mortimer (London: Penguin, 2002), xiv.
- ↑ Edbury, Peter (1980). "The murder of King Peter I of Cyprus (1359–1369)". Journal of Medieval History. 6 (2): 219–233.
- ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889), "Edward the Black Prince", in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 17, London: Smith, Elder & Co, p. 99
- ↑ Brunschwig, Robert (1940). La Berberie Orientale sous les Hafsides [The Eastern Berbers under the Hafsids]. Adrienne-Maisonneuve. pp. 185–187.
- 1 2 Díaz Martín, Luis Vicente (2007). Pedro I the Cruel (2nd ed.). Gijón: Ediciones Trea S.L. p. 275. ISBN 978-84-9704-274-1.
- ↑ Busquet, Raoul (1954). Histoire de Provence (in French) (1997 ed.). Imprimerie nationale de Monaco. p. 198.
- ↑ Carr, Gregory. "St. Elzéar of Sabran." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 30 September 2021
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - ↑ Vrtel, Ladislav (2003). Osem storočí slovenskej heraldiky [Eight Centuries of Slovak Heraldry]. p. 94. ISBN 9788070906910.
Privy pripad udelenia erbu listinou predstavuje listina Ludovita I, so. 7. maja 139, korou Kosciciam udeluje mestsky erb.
- 1 2 Langlois, Jr., John D. (1988). "The Hung-wu Reign, 1368–1398". The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
- ↑ Ngô, Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư [Annals of Dai Viet] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House, p. 259
- ↑ Favier, Jean (1980). La guerre de Cent Ans [The Hundred Years War] (in French). Paris: Fayard. p. 324. ISBN 2-213-00898-1.
- ↑ Chronological Table of the Statutes: Covering the Period from 1235 to the End of 1971. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-11-840096-1 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Vaughan, Richard (2009). Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian state. The Boydell Press. p. 16.
- ↑ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society. p. 282. ISBN 9780871691149.
- ↑ Vale, Juliet (2010) [2004]. "Philippa [Philippa of Hainault] (1310x15?–1369)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22110. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Reisnert, Anders (2015). The Siege and Storm of Lindholmen during the Second Hanseatic War (1368-1369) (PDF). Bonn: Rudolf Habelt GMBH. pp. 206–213.
- ↑ Bartlett, Kenneth R. (2013). A Short History of the Italian Renaissance. University of Toronto Press. p. 190.
- ↑ Staffler, Johann Jacob (1839). Tirol und Vorarlberg. Vol. 1. Verlag Rauch. p. 17.
- ↑ "Dockyard Timeline". Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
- 1 2 Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 06–108. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ↑ Edward Gibbon (1789). "66. Visit of John Palaeologus to Urban V. at Rome, A.D. 1369, 13 October". The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Strahan & Cadell.
- ↑ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (' Owain Lawgoch '; died 1378), a soldier of fortune and pretender to the principality of Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ↑ James C. Bradford (2004). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93661-6.}
- ↑ Kalman A. Dubov. Journey to the Kingdom of Cambodia.
- ↑ Ahmed Rashid (2017). The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?. New York Revie Books. p. 254.
- ↑ Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain & Magdelaine, F. & B. (1981). l'Allemagne Dynastique (in French). Vol. Tome III: Brunswick-Nassau-Schwarzbourg. Le Perreux: Alain Giraud. p. 219.
- ↑ Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek. p. 66.
- ↑ "World-Changing Women: Christine de Pizan". www.open.edu. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ↑ Self-Fashioning and Assumptions of Identity in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. BRILL. 2015. p. 54. ISBN 9789004291003.
- ↑ Andrew, M. (2016). The Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Chaucer. Springer. p. 11. ISBN 9780230273962.
- ↑ "Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ↑ "BBC - History - Historic Figures: Richard II (1367 - 1400)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ↑ "Charles VI | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Prestes, Maria Elice de Brzezinski; Silva, Cibelle Celestino (2018). Teaching Science with Context: Historical, Philosophical, and Sociological Approaches. Springer. p. 344. ISBN 9783319740362.
- ↑ "John II | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ↑ Rikabi, J. (1971). "Ibn Nubāta". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 900–901. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3325. OCLC 495469525.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 51.
| Authority control databases: Artists |
|---|
