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Large language models encode clinical knowledge.
Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, Scales N, Tanwani A, Cole-Lewis H, Pfohl S, Payne P, Seneviratne M, Gamble P, Kelly C, Babiker A, Schärli N, Chowdhery A, Mansfield P, Demner-Fushman D, Agüera Y Arcas B, Webster D, Corrado GS, Matias Y, Chou K, Gottweis J, Tomasev N, Liu Y, Rajkomar A, Barral J, Semturs C, Karthikesalingam A, Natarajan V. Singhal K, et al. Among authors: mansfield p. Nature. 2023 Aug;620(7972):172-180. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Nature. 2023. PMID: 37438534 Free PMC article.
Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models.
Singhal K, Tu T, Gottweis J, Sayres R, Wulczyn E, Amin M, Hou L, Clark K, Pfohl SR, Cole-Lewis H, Neal D, Rashid QM, Schaekermann M, Wang A, Dash D, Chen JH, Shah NH, Lachgar S, Mansfield PA, Prakash S, Green B, Dominowska E, Agüera Y Arcas B, Tomašev N, Liu Y, Wong R, Semturs C, Mahdavi SS, Barral JK, Webster DR, Corrado GS, Matias Y, Azizi S, Karthikesalingam A, Natarajan V. Singhal K, et al. Among authors: mansfield pa. Nat Med. 2025 Mar;31(3):943-950. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03423-7. Epub 2025 Jan 8. Nat Med. 2025. PMID: 39779926 Free PMC article.
A toolbox for surfacing health equity harms and biases in large language models.
Pfohl SR, Cole-Lewis H, Sayres R, Neal D, Asiedu M, Dieng A, Tomasev N, Rashid QM, Azizi S, Rostamzadeh N, McCoy LG, Celi LA, Liu Y, Schaekermann M, Walton A, Parrish A, Nagpal C, Singh P, Dewitt A, Mansfield P, Prakash S, Heller K, Karthikesalingam A, Semturs C, Barral J, Corrado G, Matias Y, Smith-Loud J, Horn I, Singhal K. Pfohl SR, et al. Among authors: mansfield p. Nat Med. 2024 Dec;30(12):3590-3600. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03258-2. Epub 2024 Sep 23. Nat Med. 2024. PMID: 39313595 Free PMC article.
Publisher Correction: Large language models encode clinical knowledge.
Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, Scales N, Tanwani A, Cole-Lewis H, Pfohl S, Payne P, Seneviratne M, Gamble P, Kelly C, Babiker A, Schärli N, Chowdhery A, Mansfield P, Demner-Fushman D, Agüera Y Arcas B, Webster D, Corrado GS, Matias Y, Chou K, Gottweis J, Tomasev N, Liu Y, Rajkomar A, Barral J, Semturs C, Karthikesalingam A, Natarajan V. Singhal K, et al. Among authors: mansfield p. Nature. 2023 Aug;620(7973):E19. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06455-0. Nature. 2023. PMID: 37500979 Free PMC article. No abstract available.